BUY ரஃபேல் ரோமன் குற்றவியல் மற்றும் தண்டனையியல் கையேடு guide | CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY RAFEL ROMAN GUIDE TAMIL | Latest Edition | 2025 | RAFEAL ROMAN GUIDE | BEST TAMIL GUIDE |
Criminology is a multidisciplinary field in both the behavioural and social sciences, which draws primarily upon the research of sociologists, political scientists, economists, legal sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, psychiatrists, social workers, biologists, social anthropologists, scholars of law and jurisprudence, as well as the processes that define administration of justice and the criminal justice system.
The interests of criminologists include the study of the nature of crime and criminals, origins of criminal law, etiology of crime, social reaction to crime, and the functioning of law enforcement agencies and the penal institutions. It can be broadly said that criminology directs its inquiries along three lines: first, it investigates the nature of criminal law and its administration and conditions under which it develops; second, it analyzes the causation of crime and the personality of criminals; and third, it studies the control of crime and the rehabilitation of offenders. Thus, criminology includes within its scope the activities of legislative bodies, law-enforcement agencies, judicial institutions, correctional institutions and educational, private and public social agencies.
BUY ரஃபேல் ரோமன் குற்றவியல் மற்றும் தண்டனையியல் கையேடு guide | CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY RAFEL ROMAN GUIDE TAMIL | Latest Edition | 2025 | RAFEAL ROMAN GUIDE | BEST TAMIL GUIDE |
History of academic criminology
Modern academic criminology has direct roots in the 19th-century Italian School of “criminal anthropology”, which according to the historian Mary Gibson “caused a radical refocusing of criminological discussion throughout Europe and the United States from law to the criminal. While this ‘Italian School’ was in turn attacked and partially supplanted in countries such as France by ‘sociological’ theories of delinquency, they retained the new focus on the criminal.”[2] According to Gibson, the term criminology was most likely coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as Criminologia.[2] In the late 19th century, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term Criminologie
Penology (also penal theory) is a subfield of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice[1][2] of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines penology as “the study of the punishment of crime and prison management,” and in this sense it is equivalent with corrections.[3] The term penology comes from “penal”, Latin poena, “punishment” and the Greek suffix -logia, “study of”.
Penology is concerned with the effectiveness of those social processes devised and adopted for the prevention of crime, via the repression or inhibition of criminal intent and the fear of punishment. The study of penology therefore deals with the treatment of prisoners and the subsequent rehabilitation of convicted criminals. It also encompasses aspects of probation (rehabilitation of offenders in the community) as well as penitentiary science relating to the secure detention and retraining of offenders committed to secure institutions.
Penology covers many topics and theories, including those concerning prisons (prison reform, prisoner abuse, prisoners’ rights, and recidivism), as well as theories of the purposes of punishment (deterrence, retribution, incapacitation and rehabilitation). Contemporary penology concerns itself mainly with criminal rehabilitation and prison management. The word rarely applies to theories and practices of punishment in less formal environments such as parenting, school and workplace correctional measures.
History
Historical theories were based on the notion that fearful consequences would discourage potential offenders. An example of this principle can be found in the Draconian law of Ancient Greece and the Bloody Code which persisted in Renaissance England, when (at various times) capital punishment was prescribed for over 200 offenses. Similarly, certain hudud offenses under Sharia hadith tradition may incur fearful penalties.
Modern theories of the punishment and rehabilitation of offenders are broadly based on principles articulated in the seminal pamphlet “On Crimes and Punishments” published by Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria in 1764. They center on the concept of proportionality. In this respect, they differ from many previous systems of punishment, for example, England’s Bloody Code, under which the penalty of theft had been the same regardless of the value stolen, giving rise to the English expression “It is as well to be hanged for a sheep or a lamb”. Subsequent development of the ideas of Beccaria made non-lethal punishment more acceptable. Consequently, convicted prisoners had to be reintegrated into society when their punishment was complete.[4]
Penologists have consequently evolved occupational and psychological education programs for offenders detained in prison, and a range of community service and probation orders which entail guidance and aftercare of the offender within the community. The importance of inflicting some measure of punishment on those persons who breach the law is however maintained in order to preserve social order and to moderate public outrage which might provoke appeals for cruel vengeance.
ALSO,
BUY ரஃபேல் ரோமன் மனித உரிமைகள் சட்டம் கையேடு guide | HUMAN RIGHTS LAW RAFEL ROMAN GUIDE TAMIL | Latest Edition | 2025 | RAFEAL ROMAN GUIDE | BEST TAMIL GUIDE |
Reviews
There are no reviews yet.